A new framework is proposed in this paper to address these issues.

Recent studies show that adversarial attacks disproportionately impact the patterns within the phase of the sample's frequency spectrum--typically containing

To address the error propagation problem, we identify image fusion as the key point for improvement.

We introduce CogVLM, a powerful open-source visual language foundation model.

MLaaS are limited by their reliance on training samples or white-box model analysis, highlighting the need for a black-box backdoor purification method.

Predicting and constructing road geometric information ( e.g ., lane lines, road markers) is a crucial task for safe autonomous driving, while such static map